ترجمه هیدروگرافی

Hydrography
Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defence, scientific research, and environmental protection.[1]
History
The origins of hydrography lay in the making of charts to aid navigation, by individual mariners as they navigated into new waters. These were usually the private property, even closely held secrets, of individuals who used them for commercial or military advantage. As transoceanic trade and exploration increased, hydrographic surveys started to be carried out as an exercise in their own right, and the commissioning of surveys was increasingly done by governments and special hydrographic offices. National organizations, particularly navies, realized that the collection, systematization and distribution of this knowledge gave it great organizational and military advantages. Thus were born dedicated national hydrographic organizations for the collection, organization, publication and distribution of hydrography incorporated into charts and sailing directions.
Prior to the establishment of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Royal Navy captains were responsible for the provision of their own charts. In practice this meant that ships often sailed with inadequate information for safe navigation, and that when new areas were surveyed, the data rarely reached all those who needed it. The Admiralty appointed Alexander Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1795, with a remit to gather and distribute charts to HM Ships. Within a year existing charts from the previous two centuries had been collated, and the first catalogue published.[2] The first chart produced under the direction of the Admiralty, was a chart of Quiberon Bay in Brittany, and it appeared in 1800.
Under Captain Thomas Hurd the department received its first professional guidelines and the first catalogues were published and made available to the public and to other nations as well. In 1829, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, as Hydrographer, developed the eponymous Scale, and introduced the first official tide tables in 1833 and the first "Notices to Mariners" in 1834. The Hydrographic Office underwent steady expansion throughout the 19th century; by 1855, the Chart Catalogue listed 1,981 charts giving a definitive coverage over the entire world, and produced over 130,000 charts annually, of which about half were sold.[3]
The word hydrography comes from the Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (hydor), "water" and γράφω (graphō), "to write".
Overview
Large-scale hydrography is usually undertaken by national or international organizations which sponsor data collection through precise surveys and publish charts and descriptive material for navigational purposes. The science of oceanography is, in part, an outgrowth of classical hydrography. In many respects the data are interchangeable, but marine hydrographic data will be particularly directed toward marine navigation and safety of that navigation. Marine resource exploration and exploitation is a significant application of hydrography, principally focused on the search for hydrocarbons.
Hydrographical measurements include the tidal, current and wave information of physical oceanography. They include bottom measurements, with particular emphasis on those marine geographical features that pose a hazard to navigation such as rocks, shoals, reefs and other features that obstruct ship passage. Bottom measurements also include collection of the nature of the bottom as it pertains to effective anchoring. Unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural and manmade, that aid in navigation. Therefore, a hydrographic survey may include the accurate positions and representations of hills, mountains and even lights and towers that will aid in fixing a ship's position, as well as the physical aspects of the sea and seabed.
Hydrography, mostly for reasons of safety, adopted a number of conventions that have affected its portrayal of the data on nautical charts. For example, hydrographic charts are designed to portray what is safe for navigation, and therefore will usually tend to maintain least depths and occasionally de-emphasize the actual submarine topography that would be portrayed on bathymetric charts. The former are the mariner's tools to avoid accident. The latter are best representations of the actual seabed, as in a topographic map, for scientific and other purposes. Trends in hydrographic practice since c.lised hydrographic offices. The international coordination of hydrographic efforts lies with the International Hydrographic Organization.
The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office is one of the oldest, supplying a wide range of charts covering the globe to other countries, allied military organisations and the public.
نقشه برداری از اب های روی زمین
هیدروگرافی شاخه ای از علوم کاربردی که با اندازه گیری و شرح ویژگی های فیزیکی اقیانوسها، دریاها، مناطق ساحلی، دریاچه ها و رودخانه ها، می پردازد و همچنین با پیش بینی در طول زمان تغییر خود است، برای هدف اصلی ایمنی ناوبری و در حمایت از تمام فعالیت های دریایی دیگر، از جمله توسعه اقتصادی، امنیت و دفاع، تحقیقات علمی، و حفاظت از محیط زیست. [1]
تاریخ
ریشه های هیدروگرافی در ساخت نمودار دراز به کمک ناوبری، توسط دریانوردان فردی به عنوان آنها را به آب جدید پیمایش. این معمولا مالکیت خصوصی، حتی اسرار نزدیک برگزار می شود، از افرادی که آنها را برای استفاده تجاری و یا نظامی استفاده شد. به عنوان تجارت transoceanic و اکتشاف افزایش، نظرسنجی هیدروگرافی آغاز شده به خارج به عنوان یک ورزش در حق خود انجام، و راه اندازی نظر سنجی به طور فزاینده توسط دولت ها و دفاتر هیدروگرافی ویژه انجام شد. سازمان ملی، به ویژه نیروی دریایی، متوجه شدم که جمع آوری، طبقه بندی و توزیع این دانش به آن مزیت های بزرگ سازمانی و نظامی است. بنابراین سازمان هیدروگرافی ملی اختصاص داده شده برای جمع آوری، سازماندهی، نشر و توزیع هیدروگرافی متحد شده و جهت قایقرانی متولد شد.
قبل از استقرار هیدروگرافی دفتر پادشاهی متحده، کاپیتان نیروی دریایی سلطنتی مسئول ارائه نمودار خود بودند. در عمل این بدان معنی است که کشتی اغلب با اطلاعات ناکافی برای ناوبری امن میره، و هنگامی که مناطق جدید مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند، داده به ندرت رسیده همه کسانی که آن را مورد نیاز است.دریایی الکساندر Dalrymple به عنوان نقشه کش آبهای زمین در سال 1795 منصوب، با حواله برای جمع آوری و توزیع نمودار به کشتی های HM. در طی یک سال نمودار های موجود از دو قرن گذشته گردآوری شده بود، و اولین کاتولوگ منتشر شده است. [2]